Haplogroup M (Y-DNA)

Haplogroup M
Possible time of origin 32,000-47,000 years BP[1]
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor MNOPS
Defining mutations P256
Haplogroup M1
Possible time of origin 8,200 [3,800–20,600] years BP[2]
Possible place of origin Southeast Asia - Melanesia
Ancestor M
Defining mutations M4, M5/P73, M106, M186, M189, M296, P35
Highest frequencies Una 100%[2], Ketengban 100%[2], Awyu 100%[2], Citak 86%[2], West New Guinea lowlands/coast 77.5%[2], Asmat 75%[2], West New Guinea highlands 74.5%[2], Mappi 70%[2], Kombai/Korowai 46%[2], Papua New Guinea highlands 35.5%[2], Tolai (New Britain) 31%[2], Trobriand Islands 30%[2], Papua New Guinea coast 29%[2], Moluccas 21%[2]

In human genetics, Haplogroup M (P256) is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. The Karafet's 2008 paper introduced a number of changes, compared to the previous 2006 ISOGG tree. Before the discovery of the P256 marker, the current subgroup M1 (defined by the M4 marker) previously represented the whole of Haplogroup M; and subgroups M2 and M3 were formerly classed as subgroups K1 and K7 of the parent Haplogroup K.

Contents

Origins

It is a descendant haplogroup of haplogroup MNOPS, and is believed to have first appeared approximately 40,000 years ago.

Distribution

M is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western New Guinea.[3]

Subgroups

M1-M4

Found frequently in New Guinea and Melanesia, with a moderate distribution in neighboring parts of Indonesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia.

M1a-P34

M1a-P34 is the most frequently occurring Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in Western New Guinea. It is also found with moderate frequency in neighboring parts of Indonesia (Maluku, Nusa Tenggara) and throughout Papua New Guinea, including offshore islands.[4][5]

M1b*-P87

M1b*-P87(xM1b1-M104/P22) has been found in approximately 18% (20/109) of a pool of samples from New Ireland, approximately 12% (5/43) of a sample of Lavongai from New Hanover, approximately 5% (19/395) of a pool of samples from New Britain (and, in particular, in about 24% (15/63) of Baining from East New Britain), in one Saposa individual from northern Bougainville, and in another individual from the north coast of Papua New Guinea.[1]

M1b1-M104

Found frequently in populations of the Bismarck Archipelago and Bougainville Island, with a moderate distribution in New Guinea, Fiji, Tonga, East Futuna, and Samoa[5][1]

M2-M353

Found at a low frequency in Fiji and East Futuna.[6]

M2a-M177

Found in one Nasioi individual from the eastern coast of Bougainville and in one individual from Malaita Province of the Solomon Islands[7]

M3-P117

Found frequently in populations of New Britain, and also observed occasionally in northern Bougainville, Fiji, and East Futuna.[5][1]

Subclades

Tree

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 tree[8] and subsequent published research.

References

  1. ^ a b c d Laura Scheinfeldt, Françoise Friedlaender, Jonathan Friedlaender, Krista Latham, George Koki, Tatyana Karafet, Michael Hammer and Joseph Lorenz, "Unexpected NRY Chromosome Variation in Northern Island Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 2006 23(8):1628-1641
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Manfred Kayser, Silke Brauer, Gunter Weiss et al., "Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea," American Journal of Human Genetics 72:281–302, 2003
  3. ^ Kayser M, Brauer S, Weiss G, Schiefenho¨vel W, Underhill P, Shen P, Oefner P, Tommaseo-Ponzetta M, Stoneking (2003) Reduced Y-Chromosome, but Not Mitochondrial DNA, Diversity in Human Populations from West New Guinea Am J Hum Genet 72:281–302
  4. ^ Balinese Y-Chromosome Perspective on the Peopling of Indonesia: Genetic Contributions from Pre-Neolithic Hunter-Gatherers, Austronesian Farmers, and Indian Traders, Tatiana M. Karafet, J. S. Lansing, Alan J. Redd, Joseph C. Watkins, S. P. K. Surata, W. A. Arthawiguna, Laura Mayer, Michael Bamshad, Lynn B. Jorde, and Michael F. Hammer, Human Biology (Feb. 2005)
  5. ^ a b c Manfred Kayser, Ying Choi, Mannis van Oven et al., "The Impact of the Austronesian Expansion: Evidence from mtDNA and Y Chromosome Diversity in the Admiralty Islands of Melanesia," Molecular Biology and Evolution 25(7):1362–1374. (2008) doi:10.1093/molbev/msn078
  6. ^ Manfred Kayser, Silke Brauer, Richard Cordaux et al., "Melanesian and Asian Origins of Polynesians: mtDNA and Y Chromosome Gradients Across the Pacific," Molecular Biology and Evolution 23(11):2234–2244. (2006) doi:10.1093/molbev/msl093
  7. ^ Murray P. Cox and Marta Mirazón Lahr, "Y-Chromosome Diversity Is Inversely Associated With Language Affiliation in Paired Austronesian- and Papuan-Speaking Communities from Solomon Islands," American Journal of Human Biology 18:35–50 (2006)
  8. ^ Karafet et al. (2008), Abstract New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree, Genome Research, DOI: 10.1101/gr.7172008

See also

Evolutionary tree of Human Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroups
most recent common Y-ancestor
A
A1b A1a-T
A1a A2-T
A2 A3 BT
B CT
DE CF
D E C F
G H IJK
IJ K
I J LT K(xLT)
L T M NO P S
O N Q R

Y-DNA by populations · Famous Y-DNA haplotypes

External links